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Character simplification

Mar 23, 2011 © Ulrich Theobald

There was always the tendendy to abbreviate or to simplify Chinese characters. One early example of simplification is the difference between the so-called large seal script (zhoushu 籀書 or dazhuan 大篆) and the small seal script (xiaozhuan 小篆). In reality, large seal script characters were not necessarily more complex, and not all characters have both variants.

Table 1. Examples of simplification from the Large to the Small Seal Script
Large Seal-Script shape hypothetical standard-script form Small Seal-Script shape standard-script form
𤐫
𢀩
𣍘
𪉷
𨘣
𨙙
𠬻
𪗓
𣂹
𨕩
𠬿
𨑋
𤿌
𠟭
The large seal-script was mainly used in bronze inscriptions. Most large-seal characters can be transferred into a hypothetical standard-script form. Small seal-script was used in bronze inscriptions and is still in used for decorative purposes, for instance, on private seals. The standard script emerged as a simplified form of the small seal script.

A second example of early simplification is the shift from the smaller seal script, which was during the late Warring States 戰國 (5th cent.-221 BCE) and Qin 秦 (221-206 BCE) periods used for official inscriptions often carved into the base material, to the chancery script (lishu 隸書), which was written with the brush on bamboo slips and later on paper. In chancery-script characters, semantic or signific parts are abbreviated, but also some phonetic parts. The chancery script was the basis for the standard script form (kaishu 楷書) and some smoother writing styles, namely the document script (zhangshu 章書), the "running script" (xingshu 行書), and the cursive "grass script" (caoshu 草書).

In daily use, characters were often abbreviated to so-called "vernacular" or "vulgar" characters (sutizi 俗體字 or suzi 俗字). In earlier times, abbreviated form of characters were called poti 破體 "crushed shapes" or xiaoxie 小寫 "smaller writing" were used.

Most commonly, the term "simplification of characters" refers to the script reform that was initiated in the Republican period (1911-1949) and realized by the People's Republic of China. Simplification was carried out for parts of characters or characters as a whole. There are also some characters that were given up and replaced by others pronounced equally or similarly. Another type of simplification refers to the counting of "brush strokes" by reducing the number of strokes without actually altering the shape of the character. The traditional characters are referred to as "complex characters" (fantizi 繁體字), the abbreviated characters as "simplified characters" (jiantizi 簡體字 or jianhuazi 簡化字). Because the traditional characters are often seen as the proper shapes, they are also sometimes called "correct characers" (zhengtizi 正體字).

The first proposal to create an officially adapted form of simplified characters was made in 1909 by Lu Feiku 陸費逵 (1886-1941) in his essay Putong jiaoyu yingdang caiyong sutizi 普通教育應當採用俗體子 "For the spread of education it is necessary to use popular forms of characters" which appeared in the journal Jiaoyu zazhi 教育雜誌. In 1921 he stressed once more in his essay Zhengli hanzi de yijian 整理漢字的意見 "An opinion about the reorganization of characters" the need to revise all Chinese characters . He suggested adapting 2,000 popular characters as well as reducing the stroke number of characters by either using popular forms or to "invent" a shortened form.

A year later, Qian Xuantong 錢玄同 (1887-1939) presented a list of stroke-reduced characters to the Committee for the Creation of a Standard National Language (Guoyu Tongyi Choubei Weiyuanhui 國語統一籌備委員會). The list had been created by Lu Ji 陸基, Li Jinxi 黎錦熙 (1890-1978) and Yang Shuda 楊樹達 (1885-1956). Their argument was that script was a tool for practical use and had to be as convenient as possible to serve the users to their needs. Their concept included the following ways of abbreviation:

Table 2. Methods of character simplification as suggested by Lu Feiku 陸費逵 (1909)
1. Abbreviation of whole complex characters while preserving the general structure, like 龜 to 龟
2. Use of cursive grass-script (caoshu 草書) forms, like 為 to 为
3. Eliminating parts of a charater, like 聲 to 声
4. Abbreviating parts of a character, like 觀 to 观
5. Use of archaic forms, like 雲 to 云
6. Replacing phonetic parts by simpler alternatives, like 燈 [phonetic 登 deng] to 灯 [phonetic 丁 ding]
7. Invention of new abbreviations, often with new phonetic part like 響 to 响
8. Fusion with simpler characters with the same or a similar pronunciation, like 幾 "a bit" to 几 "small table"

In 1928, Hu Huaichen 胡懷琛 (1886-1938) published his book Jianyizi shuo 簡易字說 "Explanation to simplified characters" that includes 9 different types of abbreviated characters. The 300 simplified characters he presents include also earlier Japanese simplifications as well as phonetic transcriptions. The Historical Linguistic Department (Lishi Yuyan Yanjiusuo 歷史語言研究所) of the Academia Sinica (Zhongyang Yanjiuyuan 中央研究院) published in 1930 a book about character simplification in history, the Song-Yuan yilai suzi pu 宋元以來俗字譜 "A list of popular characters since the Song and Yuan periods", written by Liu Fu 劉復 (1891-1934) and Li Jiaduan 李家端. It includes more than 1,600 abbreviated characters.

In the same year, Zhuo Dingmou 卓定謀 (1886-1967) published the book Zhangcaokao 章草考 "Analysis of standard and grass script", listing 3,000 characters used in the curvise grass script.

The first official publication on the issue of character simplification was Guoyin changyong zihui 國音常用字彙 "Lexicon of oft-used characters according to the National language", published in 1932. Two years later the Service Centre of the National Library (Zhongguo Tushuguan Fuwushe 中國圖書館服務社) published a list of 353 standard simplified characters, Jianzi biaozhun zibiao 簡字標準字表. Xu Zemin 徐則敏 published an unofficial list of 550 popular characters in the half-monthly periodical Lunyu banyuekan 論語半月刊. The second official list of simplified characters came out in 1935, including 2,400 characters.

In Shanghai, Chen Wangdao 陳望道 (1891-1977) founded a work group which selected 300 conventional characters, the so-called shoutouzi 手頭字 "characters for hand-writing". He was supported by a conference and a portfolio of several journals advocating the use of simplified characters. The national government therefore issued a list of 324 simplified characters that were mainly based on the earlier draft by Qian Xuetong, but this list was revoked a year later. Meanwhile, quite a few scholarly institutions published more books espousing the use of a simplified script, like Rong Geng's 容庚 (1894-1983) list of 4,445 characters (1936) based on the grass script, Chen Guangyao's 陳光堯 (1906-1972) list of 3,150 characters (1936), also to a large part derived from grass script forms, or the list of 1,700 characters published in 1937 by the Beiping Academy 北京研究院 in Beijing.

On August 21, 1935, Minister of Education (Jiaoyubu buzhang 教育部部長) Wang Shijie 王世傑 (1891-1981) issued (ministerial order no. 11400) the first set of 324 simplified characters, Di yi pi jiantizi biao 第一批簡體字表, and announced regulations in nine paragraphs advocating the promotion of simplified characters Tuixing jiantizi banfa 推行簡體字辦法.

Table 3. The First List of Simplified Characters from 1935 (Di yi pi jiantizi biao 第一批簡體字表)
〔ㄚ韵〕 /-a/ finals
罷➝罢 發➝发 閥➝阀 答➝荅 殺➝杀 雜➝
壓➝压 啞➝唖 亞➝亜 價➝价 蝦➝虾 襪➝袜
掛➝挂 畫➝画 劃➝㓰
〔ㄛ韵〕 /-ωɔ/ finals
撥➝拨 潑➝泼 羅➝罗 囉➝啰 鑼➝ 邏➝逻
籮➝箩 幗➝帼 國➝囯 過➝过
〔ㄜ韵〕 /-ə/ finals
惡➝悪 麼➝庅 個➝个 闔➝ 蟄➝蜇 這➝这
熱➝热
〔ㄝ韵〕 /-ɛ/ finals
鐵➝鉄 竊➝窃 協➝协 樂➝乐 覺➝覚 學➝学
〔帀韵〕 vowel-less finals
質➝貭 執➝执 職➝聀 紙➝帋 遲➝ 師➝师
獅➝狮 時➝时 實➝实 勢➝势 辭➝辞
〔ㄦ韵〕 retroflex approximants
爾➝尔 邇➝迩
〔ㄧ韵〕 /-i/ finals
醫➝医 儀➝仪 蟻➝蚁 義➝义 議➝ 異➝异
藝➝兿 閉➝闭 彌➝弥 糴➝籴 體➝体 擬➝拟
離➝离 禮➝礼 厲➝厉 勵➝励 機➝机 雞➝鳮
虀➝ 擠➝㨈 繼➝継 劑➝剤 濟➝済 齊➝斉
豈➝岂 啟➝启 氣➝气 棄➝弃 戲➝戏
〔ㄞ韵〕 /-ai/ finals
礙➝碍 擺➝摆 賣➝ 邁➝迈 臺➝台 擡➝抬
檯➝枱 蓋➝盖 開➝ 齋➝斋 儕➝㑪 篩➝筛
曬➝晒 纔➝才 儈➝侩 獪➝狯 檜➝桧 懷➝怀
帥➝帅
〔ㄟ韵〕 /-ei/ finals
備➝俻 廢➝废 類➝类 為➝为 偽➝伪 對➝对
歸➝归 龜➝ 櫃➝柜 會➝会 繪➝絵 燴➝烩
雖➝虽 嵗➝岁
〔ㄨ韵〕 /-u/ finals
無➝无 覆➝覄 獨➝独 讀➝ 圖➝图 爐➝炉
廬➝庐 蘆➝芦 壺➝壷 滬➝沪 燭➝烛 囑➝嘱
處➝処 樞➝枢 贖➝ 屬➝属 數➝数 儒➝㐵
卒➝卆 蘇➝苏 肅➝粛
〔ㄩ韵〕 /-y/ finals
歟➝欤 與➝与 譽➝誉 驢➝馿 屢➝屡 縷➝
舉➝举 懼➝惧 區➝区 驅➝駆 趨➝趋 續➝xxx
〔ㄠ韵〕 /-ɑʊ̯/ finals
寶➝宝 報➝报 貌➝皃 禱➝祷 濤➝涛 鬧➝闹
勞➝劳 號➝号 趙➝𧺉 棗➝枣 竈➝灶 藥➝葯
廟➝庙 條➝条 糶➝粜 驕➝ 矯➝矫 攪➝撹
喬➝乔 僑➝侨 橋➝桥 簫➝簘 蕭➝䔥
〔ㄡ韵〕 /-oʊ̯/ finals
歐➝欧 毆➝殴 謳➝ 嘔➝呕 鬬➝鬥 頭➝头
婁➝娄 樓➝楼 皺➝皱 晝➝昼 儔➝俦 籌➝筹
壽➝寿 鄒➝邹 猶➝犹 留➝ 劉➝刘 舊➝旧
繡➝綉
〔ㄢ韵〕 /-an/ and /-ɛn/ finals
庵➝广 辦➝办 蠻➝蛮 膽➝胆 擔➝担 攤➝摊
灘➝滩 癱➝瘫 壇➝坛 檀➝枟 難➝难 覽➝
趕➝赶 堪➝ 勘➝ 氈➝毡 戰➝战 贊➝賛
蠶➝蚕 傘➝ 巖➝岩 鹽➝塩 艷➝艳 邊➝边
變➝变 點➝点 念➝卄 聯➝联 憐➝怜 練➝
煉➝ 戀➝恋 間➝间 堅➝坚 艱➝艰 鹼➝碱
簡➝简 薦➝荐 遷➝迁 錢➝ 閑➝闲 賢➝
縣➝県 彎➝弯 萬➝万 斷➝断 鸞➝鵉 亂➝乱
觀➝覌 關➝関 歡➝欢 還➝还 環➝环 算➝祘
園➝园 遠➝远 權➝权 勸➝劝 懸➝𢝝 選➝选
〔ㄣ韵〕 /-n/ finals
門➝门 們➝们 悶➝闷 墳➝坟 懇➝恳 斟➝
陳➝陈 甚➝ 陰➝阴 隱➝隐 賓➝宾 濱➝滨
殯➝殡 閩➝闽 臨➝临 儘➝侭 盡➝尽 燼➝烬
親➝亲 釁➝衅 聞➝闻 問➝问 閏➝闰 孫➝孙
韻➝韵 勳➝勛 遜➝逊
〔ㄤ韵〕 /-aŋ/ finals
幫➝帮 當➝当 噹➝ 黨➝党 擋➝挡 張➝
帳➝ 賬➝ 漲➝ 長➝ 場➝ 腸➝
嘗➝尝 傷➝ 贓➝賍 喪➝丧 陽➝阳 癢➝痒
糧➝粮 礦➝卝 莊➝庄 牀➝床 雙➝双
〔ㄥ韵〕 /-ŋ/ finals
風➝凨 豐➝丰 鳳➝凤 燈➝灯 稱➝称 懲➝惩
聲➝声 繩➝䋲 聖➝圣 應➝应 營➝营 蠅➝蝇
聽➝听 廳➝厛 靈➝灵 興➝ 東➝东 凍➝冻
鬨➝ 鐘➝鈡 眾➝众 蟲➝虫 榮➝荣 從➝从
叢➝樷 窮➝穷

The war with Japan, beginning in 1937, interrupted all academic work in this field. Today, Communist historiographers claim that simplified characters were promoted in the areas occupied by the Communist Party and their troops, but documents of that time and the first years of the People's Republic demonstrate that traditional characters were also still in use by the Communist Party.

Systematic work to develop a valid pattern of character simplification was begun in 1950. The characters issued as standard simplified forms were not invented by scholars under the Communist Party but were to a large extent based on the many earlier attempts during the Republican era. The Communists thus harvested the results of earlier efforts. A first list of 555 simplified characters was issued in 1951 (Di yi pi jiantizi biao 第一批簡體字表).

In February 1952, the Research Committee for a Reform of Chinese Characters (Zhongguo wenzi gaige yanjiu weiyuanhui 中國文字改革研究委員會) was established. The result of this work was a plan for a procedure of characters simplification (Hanzi jianhua fang'an 漢字簡化方案).

The plan consisted of three parts. The first part contained a list of 798 characters to be simplified, the second part 400 character variants (yitizi 異體字) to be abolished, and the third part included parts of characters (pianpang 偏旁) that were regularly to be abbreviated. This draft was published in February 1955 and it was promulgated that the 50 largest newspapers and journals throughout the country were to used 261 simplified characters. In the same year the State Council (Guowuyuan 國務院) established an examination-and-revision group consisting of nameable scholars and writers, headed by Dong Biwu 董必武 (1886-1975), to make proposals for the final version of the character simplification procedure. The revised draft was finished by the Research Committee in September 1955. The draft was discussed on the National Conference for the Reform of Characters (Quanguo wenzi gaige huiyi 全國文字改革會議).

The result were 515 simplified characters and 54 abbreviated parts of characters. These procedures were accepted by the State Council in January 1956 and then published in the official newspaper Renmin ribao 人民日報 as the draft as the plan Hanzi jianhua fang'an 汉字简化方案. This plan was refined in 1964 by the Jianhuazi zongbiao 简化字总表, which consisted of three tables. The 230 characters of the first tables were already in use by most newspapers and journals. The 285 simplified characters of the second table and the 54 character parts of the third table were to be introduced within two months and then revised.

In 1977, a draft for a second plan of further character simplification was issued, called Di er ci Hanzi jianhua fang'an (cao'an) 第二次漢字簡化方案(草案). This plan was never implemented and abolished in 1986. The latest revision of the character simplification schedule was issued in 2013, the Tongyong guifan Hanzi biao 通用规范汉字表.

Figure 1. Examples from the aborted Second Plan for Character Simplification from 1977

The following revisions were done with regard to Republican-period drafts:

Table 4. Specific rules of character simplification in the PR China
釒 is abbreviated to 钅 instead of
魚 is abbreviated to 鱼 instead of
鳥 is abbreviated to 鸟 instead of 乌, and 乌 is used for 烏
娄 is to be used for 婁 exclusively, while 嘍 (formerly also simplified as 娄) is further to be simplified with a separate character as 喽
彻 is to be used for 徹 exclusively, while 澈 (formerly also simplified as 彻) is not further simplified
仓 is to be used for 倉 exclusively, while 艙 (formerly also simplified as 仓) is further to be simplified with a separate character as 舱
The characters 言, 食 and 金 are not abbreviated, but as signific part of other characters, they are abbreviated as 讠, 饣 and 钅. The signific component 糹 (from the obsolete character 糸) is simplified to 纟, except in the character 丝. The signific parts 糸, 言, 金 and 食 are not simplified if standing at the bottom of a character (like 紫, 警, 鉴 or 餐).

There were nine different methods of simplifying characters:

Table 5. Methods of character simplification as adopted by the PR China
1. Abbreviation of whole complex charaters while preserving the general structure, like 龜 to 龟, or 慮 to 虑
2. Eliminating parts of a character and preserving the characteristic or unique parts, like 聲 to 声, or 醫 to 医
3. Simplifying the phonetic part of characters by replacing them with a simpler phonetic, like 燈 [phonetic 登 deng] to 灯 [phonetic 丁 ding], 擁 [phonetic 雍 yong] to 拥 [phonetic 用 yong], or 戰 [phonetic 單 dan] to 战 [phonetic 占 zhan]
4. Using a new semantic part, often combined with a simpler phonetic part as virtual invention of a new character, like 響 to 响, 驚 to 惊, or 護 to 护
5. Fusion with simpler characters with the same or a similar pronunciation, like 幾 "a bit" to 几 "small table", 裏 "inside" to 里 "mile, hamlet", or 醜 "ugly" to 丑 "clown; second of the Terrestrial Branches"
6. Use of grass-script forms, like 為 to 为, 專 to 专, or 東 to 东
7. Creating characters by the method huiyi 會義 "combined meanings" (see six types of charcters), like 眾 to 众, or 從 to 从 (these are actually early shapes and not new inventions)
8. Abbreviating complex (and mainly phonetic) parts of a character, like 歡 to 欢, 雞 to 鸡, or 難 to 难
9. Use of archaic forms, like 雲 to 云, or 塵 to 尘

In 1964, the Research Committee issued a general list of simplified characters (Jianhuazi zongbiao 簡化字總表) that consists of three tables, the first including 352 simplifications of characters not used as character parts (pianpang 偏旁) in other characters, the second including 132 characters that are also used as parts in other characters as well as 14 elements exclusively used as parts in other characters, and the third including 1,754 simplified characters, coming to a total of 2,238 simplified characters of which 签 and 须 appear two times. In 1986, the characters 象 and 迭 (of which actually no complex form exists) were eliminated from the list.

The "General List" includes some remarks concerning complications arising from the character simplification, for instance, 干 gān "shield" is also the simplification of 乾 gān "dry", while 乾 qiān "Celestial" is not abbreviated; or 吁 that is the simplification for 籲 "to call on", but is read in the meaning of "to sigh" (which had always been written in the short form).

There are two appendices to the General List, namely an appendix presenting 39 variant characters commonly viewed as simplifications, like 脣 (variant of and shortened to 唇), or 傑 (variant of and shortened to 杰), and a list of specially simplified characters of place names, like Xunxian 洵縣, Shaanxi, to 旬县, or Fengdu 酆都, Sichuan, to 丰都.

Simplified characters are also used in Singapore. The earliest attempts in this city state included some simplified characters not identical to those used in China, like 㘯 for 場 (analogous to 伤 for 傷), for 開, 囱 for 窗, or 𡚩 for 要 (which is not simplified in China). In 1976, Singapore adopted the Jianhuayi zongbiao of the People's Republic. Malaysia has accepted the Zongbiao in 1981, but Thailand has not promulgated the use of simplified characters for her Chinese-speaking communities.

Japan and South Korea have their own tradition of simplifying characters. While some Japanese characters are identical to the simplified characters of China, others differ in the shape of dots (like 単 instead of the Chinese 单, for 單) or the length and shape of brush strokes (like 称 instead of 称 [for 稱], or 与 instead of 与 [for 與]), and a third group totally differs in the method of abbreviation, like 図 instead of 图 (for traditional 圖), or 訳 instead of 译 (for traditional 譯).

The government of the People's Republic of China took measures to enhance literacy in the new founded socialist state. These measures did not only mean that much more schools were opened, especially in the countryside, but the complicated writing system of Chinese underwent a simplification to make it easier for everybody to learn some 2,000 characters needed for daily life - and of course, to study the propaganda of official newspapers and the Communist writings.

The outcome of the character simplification project is that there exist two or even three different characters for many words. And it is not really clear if the rise of literacy in China was due to the character simplification or just due to a better education system. In some cases, the simplification can even cause troubles because words of very different meanings are expressed by the same character.

gu "valley" and "grain" (traditional character 穀)
biao "grid, table" and "clock, watch" (traditional character 錶)
zhun "permitting, approving" and "level, standard" (old character 準)
kuai "happy" (快樂) or "fast" (traditional character 駃)

The following tables explain the character simplification model of the PR China.

Table 6. Simplified radicals (jianhua bushou 簡化部首)
1. Reduction of "brush stroke" number of radicals in characters
radical traditional shape in character trad. stroke number simplified shape simpl. stroke number
3 2
攵 (right) 4 3
礻 (left) 5 4
5 4
4 3
衤 (left) 6 5
4 3
阝 (right) 3 2
阝 (left) 3 2
Note that computer fonts do not in all cases reveil the number counting of strokes. In the component 廴, for instance, the graphical change from the three "brush strokes" 𠃌𠃌乀 to two strokes 𠄎乀 is not visible.
2. Simplification of radical shape
radical traditional shape in character trad. stroke number simplified shape simpl. stroke number
5 4
4 3
糹 (left) 5 3
7 4
訁 (left) 7 2
7 4
7 4
釒 (left) 8 5
8 4
8 3
9 4
9 6
9 4
9 3
飠 (left) 9 3
10 3
11 8
11 7
11 5
11 8
13 8
14 6
15 齿 8
16 5
16 7

Some radicals have a different shape if standing alone, in top or bottom position or on the left or right side of the character. Sometimes it is difficult for unexperienced people to find out the original shape of the radical. Therefore, all different shapes of radicals were defined as separate radicals:

Table 7. Traditional radicals split in two
full shape full stroke number examples short shape short stroke number examples
2 2 到刻剑
2 仄仑仓 2 仁仙侣
4 永沯荥 3 河江浮
4 忍忽愁 3 悌患怀
4 拜拳拿 3 拈括扰
4 灾熨炊 4 炁烈煎
4 4 狗狐狸
5 莹璧玺 𤣩 4 环球珮
5 4 礼神福
6 裁衾裂 5 衬裤袜
8 鎏蓥鉴 5 银铜钰
9 餐饕 3 饶馄饨

For unexperienced people, it is sometimes difficult to discern between two different radicals and their shapes. Some radicals are therefore unified in one

.
Table 8. Unified radicals
入 "to enter" 人 "man, person"
士 "official, scholar"  土 "earth"
肉 "meat, flesh, organ" 月 "moon"

On the other hand, different shapes of character modules were assimilated

Table 9. Consolidated character and character modules
same as
(as in 当尙) look for
羔差 look for
(as in 即) look for
same as
same as
look for
look for
look for
look for

Because the simplification of quite a few characters is extreme, some simplified forms will have a very different radical, for instance 農 (radical 辰), simplified to 农 (radical 冖).

In order to make it easier to find a radical, the goverment of the PRC created many new radicals. In this process, some lost their original meaning (亡 "to perish", 廾 "two hands", 屮 "sprout") and are used purely graphical. In addition to this measure, characters with two potential (graphical) radicals can in dictionaries be found under both to spare time-consuming radical search, like 忘 (potentially 亡 and 心, independent from the meaning). These new radicals are not standardized and may differ from dictionary to dictionary:

Table 10. New radicals
new radical stroke number examples
2 勇予豫疏
3 亡忘盲妄赢
3 开弊
3 尤无尬尴
3
3 小尔尘当尚省
4 天夭乔吞蚕
4 老考孝者
廿 4 廿共恭巷黄燕
4 不歪甭
4 中忠贵
4 尺尽昼
5 奉奏春泰秦
5 去丢却
5 劳荣营莹
5 戎戌成咸威戚
5 党堂常掌
4 业凿
5 由胄邮
5 申畅
6 券卷拳眷
5 亦变弯栾
6 载裁哉栽
6
6 亚严恶晋
6 光辉耀
7 束柬敕赖整
8 乾韩翰朝
9 是匙题

Chinese characters consist of separable parts that are used countless times in many different characters. Often-used parts were therefore simplified to make learning easier. For example, the character 僉 is simplified as 佥. As component of characters, it is likewise abbreviated, like 剑检捡脸. The simplified character 签 is an abbreviation of 簽 as well as of 籤.

Table 11. Simplified character components which are not characters by themselves
坚贤竖鲣
变恋鸾湾
𦥯 学觉搅
涡祸锅娲
𠃓 汤扬场烫
览鉴揽
𠬤 译泽择箨
识帜织职
𢀖 径经轻颈
𤇾 劳荣营崂
Table 12. Simplified characters that also built components of other characters (jianhua pianpang 簡化偏旁)
Tables 2 und 3 of the Jianhuazi zongbiao. The asterisk * marks characters serving as radicals and as character component. Arranged in alphabetical order (Pinyin romanization).
pronunciation of character traditional shape as character simplified shape as character example(s) as components / if radical
ai
ba 摆罴
bei
bi
bi
bian
bin 滨膑鬓
can
cang 苍沧
chan
chang 鲿
chang* 帐张胀 / --
che* 挥裤阵连 / 轮转
chi* 齿 啮 / 龄
chong
chu 雏邹趋驺
cong 苁纵耸
cuan
da
dai
dan 禅掸弹蝉
dang 档挡
dang
dong 冻陈
dong
duan
dui
dui
er 迩弥玺
fa 废泼
feng 沣艳; 酆縣➝丰县; 酆姓➝邦姓
feng* 枫讽砜 / 飒
gang 刚纲钢
guang 广 犷矿旷扩
gui 岿
gui* 阄 / 鼋
guo 帼掴
guo
hua 桦骅烨晔
hua
hui
hui 绘烩侩浍
ji 机讥饥
jia 挟郏峡侠
jian 践贱钱浅
jian 滥蓝
jian
jian* 觉现觅览 / 规觉
jiang
jie
jin 荩烬赆
jin
ju
ke
lai 莱涞俫
le 栎烁砾
li
li 沥枥疬
li 骊郦鹂
liang 俩魉满瞒
ling
liu
long* 陇胧厐聋 / 龚龛
lou 楼镂蝼屡
lu 芦炉庐
lu
lu
摅滤
lun 论轮抡沦
luo 锣逻箩
ma* 冯闯笃 / 驯骚
mai
mai 读续窦牍
mai* 唛 / 麸
men* 扪润简 / 问阁
min* 绳渑
nan 滩摊
niao
nie 摄滠
ning 柠泞
nong 浓脓
qi 凯恺
qi(*) 忾饩
qi* 济剂 / 齑
qian 剑检捡签
qian
qiao 桥骄侨
qin
qiong
qu 欧躯枢; 乂 not 又
se 墙穑
sha
shen 婶谉
sheng
shi 鲥埘
shi 狮筛
shou 寿 涛焘祷筹
shu
shuang
su 萧箫啸
sui
sun 逊荪
tiao 绦鲦
wan 历沥迈
wei
wei* 围绕违 / 韩
wu
wu 抚芜; not 旡
xian
xiang
xie
xun 浔鲟挦
ya 恶壶娅
yan
yan 恹魇
yao 烧绕挠晓
ye
ye* 撷烦倾巅 / 顺颂
yi 仪议蚁
yi
yin
yin
you
yu 屿欤
yu* 渔橹癣 / 鲇鲨
yun 昙芸叆
zheng 掷踯
zhi 贽挚
zhi
zhuan 转砖传

There is another group of characters components of which are simplified, while this component is not simplifed as component of other parts of if standing alone. For instance, 壩 is simplified as 坝, but 霸 is not abbreviated to 贝.

Table 13. Individually simplified characters
Corresponds to Table 1 of the Jianhuazi zongbiao. The right column provides remarks not included in the official table.
Pronunciation (Pinyin) Traditional Simplifed Remarks
ai variant
ang simpler signific
ao simpler phonetic
ba simpler phonetic
ban variant
ban 办 is also used for the simplification of 蘇 to 苏, or 協 to 协
bang simpler phonetic
bao
bao 扌 is also used for the simplification of 幸 in 執 to 执
bi
bi simpler phonetic
biao 票 as a single character is not simplified, also not in other combinations
biao fusion with simpler character
bie replaced by simpler character
bu replaced by simpler character; 卜 is also used as a simplified form in 僕 to 仆, 墣 to 圤, 撲 to 扑, 樸 to 朴, 璞 to 㺪, 鏷 to 镤; but not in 幞 etc.
bu simpler phonetic; 卜 is also used as a simplified form in 僕 to 仆, 墣 to 圤, 撲 to 扑, 樸 to 朴, 璞 to 㺪, 鏷 to 镤; but not in 幞 etc.
cai variant; replaced by simpler character
can 天, not 夭
can simpler phonetic; 粲 is not simplified in other characters like 璨
ceng 曾 is otherwise not simplified; 云 is also the simplified form of 雲, or 軍 (like 運 to 运), or 亶 (like 壇 to 坛), or 重 (like 動 to 动)
chan the right part is regularly simplified in this way
chan the right part is regularly simplified in this way
chan the right part is regularly simplified in this way
chan 㢆, not 厘
chan simpler phonetic; 韱 is similarly simplified in 纖 to 纤, and 殲 to 纤, but not in 谶
chang 賞 as a single character is simplified to 赏; 尝 is the simplified form of 嘗
chang 厂 is traditional radical 27 "cliff"
che the right part is not simplified otherwise, like 撤 or 澈
chen variant
chen simpler phonetic; 親 as a single character is simplifed to 亲
cheng 尔 is actually a variant of 爾
cheng simpler phonetic (is actually subject to the rule of "徵 to 征")
chi simpler phonetic; 犀 as a single character is not simplified
chong replaced by simpler character (also simplified of 沖, which is an old variant)
chou fusion with simpler character
chu fusion with simpler character
chu simpler phonetic; 楚 as a single character is not simplified
chu
chu 蜀 as a single character is not simplifed; 蜀 is also simplified in 濁 as 浊, 燭 as 烛, 獨 as 独; in 屬 abbreviated as 属
ci the left part is equally simplified in 亂 to 乱; 舌 is also used as simplification of 啇, like 敵 to 敌, or 適 to 适
cong the part 总 is the simplified form of 縂
cong partial fusion with simpler character
dan the single character 詹 is not simplified
dan the single character 詹 is not simplified
dao the single character 道 is not simplified
deng simpler phonetic; the single character 登 is not simplified, yet as part of other characters simplied in a different way, like 證 to 证, or 鄧 to 邓
deng The single character 登 is not simplified, yet as part of other characters simplied in a different way, like 證 to 证, or 燈 to 灯. 又 is used as simplification of 堇 in 漢, 艱, 僅 and 嘆 (but not in 谨 or 瑾), for 登 in 邓 (but not in 澄 or 凳), for 奚 in 雞 (but not in 溪), for 雚 in 歡, 權 and 勸 (but not in 獾 or 颧), for the middle part of 樹 and the left part in 戲.
di simpler phonetic
di 舌 is used in the same way as simplification of 適 to 适, but also used for 亂 to 乱
di
dian simpler signific
dian simpler phonetic
dian
die fusion with simpler character; 迭 is not to be used if confuseable with 叠
dong fusion with simpler character
dou fusion with simpler character
du 蜀 as a single character is not simplifed; 蜀 is also simplified in 濁 as 浊, 燭 as 烛, 獨 as 独; in 屬 abbreviated as 属
dun
duo
duo similar simplification in 橢 to 椭; 隋 as a single character not simplified, but simplified in combinations, like 隨 to 随
er 儿 is traditional radical 10 "person"
fan simpler phonetic; 樊 as a single character is not simplified
fan fusion with simpler character
fei
fen simpler phonetic
fen
fen
feng
fu simpler phonetic
fu analogous simplification in 歸 to 归 or 掃 to 扫; 帚 as a single character is not simplified
fu
fu fusion with simpler character 復 to new simplified character; it is not simplified in the words 覆盖 and 颠覆
fu fusion with simpler character 復 to new simplified character
gai variant?
gan 乾 "to do" fusion with simpler character; it is not simplified as 乾 qian "Heaven", e.g. in the words 乾坤 and 乾隆
gan 幹 "dry" fusion with simpler character; 乾 "Celestial" is not abbreviated
gan simpler phonetic
ge variant
gong
gou 冓 is otherwise not simplified like 耩 or 觏, or differently simplified as 講 to 讲
gou 冓 is otherwise not simplified like 耩 or 觏, or differently simplified as 講 to 讲
gou 冓 is otherwise not simplified like 耩 or 觏, or differently simplified as 講 to 讲
gu fusion with simpler character
gu 雇 as a single characer is not simplified
gua fusion with simpler character
guan similarly abbreviated in 歡 to 欢, but not in others like 灌
guan the inner part is simplified in 聯 to 联; 关 in 送 is not a simplification
gui simpler phonetic
han 又 is used as simplification of 堇 in 漢, 艱, 僅 and 嘆 (but not in 谨 or 瑾), for 登 in 邓 (but not in 澄 or 凳), for 奚 in 雞 (but not in 溪), for 雚 in 歡, 權 and 勸 (but not in 獾 or 颧), for the middle part of 樹 and the left part in 戲.
hao
he fusion with simpler character
hong
hou fusion with simpler character
hu fusion with simpler character
hu
hu simpler phonetic
hu simpler phonetic and simpler signific; variant?
hua simpler phonetic; the single character 畫 is simplified to 画
huai 怀 不 is the simplification of 褱 as well as 睘, but 睘 is not always simplified, like in 寰 or 擐
huai 不 is the simplification of 褱 as well as 睘; not to be confounded with 坯
huan similarly abbreviated in 觀 to 观, but not in others like 灌
huan 又 is used as simplification of 堇 in 漢, 艱, 僅 and 嘆 (but not in 谨 or 瑾), for 登 in 邓 (but not in 澄 or 凳), for 奚 in 雞 (but not in 溪), for 雚 in 歡, 權 and 勸 (but not in 獾 or 颧), for the middle part of 樹 and the left part in 戲.
huan 不 is the simplification of 褱 as well as 睘, but 睘 is not always simplified, like in 寰 or 擐
hui fusion with simpler character
huo fusion with simpler character; not simplified in the meaning of "much, many", like 甚夥 or 夥解
huo fusion with other character 穫 to new simplified character
hu fusion with other character 獲 to new simplified character
ji 击 is also used for the simplification of 陸 to 陆
ji 又 is used as simplification of 堇 in 漢, 艱, 僅 and 嘆 (but not in 谨 or 瑾), for 登 in 邓 (but not in 澄 or 凳), for 奚 in 雞 (but not in 溪), for 雚 in 歡, 權 and 勸 (but not in 獾 or 颧), for the middle part of 樹 and the left part in 戲.
ji simpler phonetic; the single character 責 is simplified to 责
ji simpler phonetic
ji
ji
jia fusion with simpler character
jia simpler phonetic; the single character 賈 is simplified to 贾
jian 又 is used as simplification of 堇 in 漢, 艱, 僅 and 嘆 (but not in 谨 or 瑾), for 登 in 邓 (but not in 澄 or 凳), for 奚 in 雞 (but not in 溪), for 雚 in 歡, 權 and 勸 (but not in 獾 or 颧), for the middle part of 樹 and the left part in 戲.
jian simpler phonetic; 韱 is similarly simplified in 纖 to 纤, and 懺 to 忏
jian
jian 柬 is not simplified as a single character; 柬 is similary abbreviated in 練 to 练 and 煉 to 炼, but not abbreviated in 闌 to 阑
jian simpler signific, regular simplification of the phonetic 僉 to 佥
jian simpler phonetic; the single character 監 is simplified to 监
jiang fusion with simpler character
jiang 漿 the single character 將 is simplied to 将
jiang the single character 將 is simplied to 将
jiang the single character 將 is simplied to 将
jiang the single character 將 is simplied to 将
jiang 冓 is otherwise simplified as 勾
jiao simpler phonetic; 翏 is otherwise not simplified
jie simpler phonetic; 皆 is otherwise not simplified
jie simpler phonetic; 絜 is otherwise not simplified
jie 節 is otherwise simplified as 节
jie fusion with simpler character; not simplified in the words 慰藉 and 狼藉
jin 又 is used as simplification of 堇 in 漢, 艱, 僅 and 嘆 (but not in 谨 or 瑾), for 登 in 邓 (but not in 澄 or 凳), for 奚 in 雞 (but not in 溪), for 雚 in 歡, 權 and 勸 (but not in 獾 or 颧), for the middle part of 樹 and the left part in 戲.
jing simpler phonetic and simpler signific; variant?
jing
jiu
ju simpler phonetic; 豦 is otherwise not simplified
ju simpler phonetic; 豦 is otherwise not simplified
ju simpler phonetic; 瞿 is otherwise not simplified
juan fusion with simpler character
kai 門 is otherwise simplified to 门
ke fusion with simpler character
ken
ken
kua
kuai simpler phonetic
kua
kun fusion with simpler character
la similarly simplified in 獵 to 猎, and 蠟 to 蜡
la similarly simplified in 臘 to 腊, and 獵 to 猎
lan as part of characters, 兰 is the abbreviation of 闌
lan 兰 is otherwise the simplified form of the character 蘭; 闌 is simplified to 阑
lan 兰 is otherwise the simplified form of the character 蘭; 闌 is simplified to 阑
lan 兰 is otherwise the simplified form of the character 蘭; 闌 is simplified to 阑
lei the upper part is simplified in 壘 to 垒, and not simplified in 儡 and others
lei the upper part is simplified in 纍 to 累, and not simplified in 儡 and others
lei 大, not 犬
li 裡 or 裏 fusion with simpler character
li variant
li 隶 is traditional radical 171 "reaching, catching"
lian variant
lian the right part serves as the simplified shape in 關 to 关; 关 in 送 is not a simplification
lian 柬 is not simplified as a single character
lian 柬 is not simplified as a single character
lin simpler phonetic; the right part is simplified in the same way in 鄰 to 邻, but not in 麟, or in 鱗 to 鳞
liang simpler phonetic
liao fusion with simpler character; not abbreviated in the word 瞭望
liao simpler phonetic; 尞 is often not simplified, like in 僚 or 燎
liao simpler phonetic; 尞 is often not simplified, like in 僚 or 燎
lie similarly simplified in 臘 to 腊, and 蠟 to 蜡
lin differently abbreviated as part of characters, like 鑒 to 鉴 (because already abbreviated in the traditional character); the left part is written with two vertical strokes, not like リ
lin simpler phonetic; the left part is simplified in the same way in 憐 to 怜, but not in 麟 to 麟, or 鱗 to 鳞
ling the character 領 is simplified to 领; don't write 岺 to avoid confusion with the word 岑混
lu otherwise 盧 is simplified to 卢
lu otherwise 盧 is simplified to 卢
lu otherwise 盧 is simplified to 卢
lu the right part is not simplified in other characters, only if standing to the left as part of a phonetic. It is then simplified to 扌, like 勢 to 势
otherwise 盧 is simplified to 卢
luan the left part is equally simplified in 辭 to 辞; 舌 is also used as simplification of 啇, like 敵 to 敌, or 適 to 适
me 么 stands for me, not yao 幺, accordingly written 吆; not simplified in the expression 幺麼小丑
mei variant
meng fusion with simpler character
meng fusion with simpler character
meng fusion with simpler character
meng
mian fusion with simpler character
miao
mie
mie fusion with simpler character
mu
nao the right part is not simplified in 瑙
nao the right part is not simplified in 瑙
ni simpler phonetic
niang simpler phonetic
nüe the single character 虐 is not simplified
pan
pi fusion with simpler character
ping simpler phonetic
ping simpler phonetic; variant
pu simpler phonetic, the right part is not simplifed in 璞 or 濮
pu simpler phonetic, the right part is not simplifed in 璞 or 濮
pu simpler phonetic, the right part is not simplifed in 璞 or 濮
qi
qian simpler phonetic; 韱 is otherwise simplifed to 千, like in 懺 to 忏; 佥 is otherwise the simplification of 僉
qian fusion with simpler character
qian
qian simpler phonetic, fusion with other character to new simplified character; 牽 as a single character is simplified to 牵; 千 is also the simplification of 韱, like 纖 to 纤
qian simpler phonetic; 韱 is similarly simplified in 懺 to 忏, and 殲 to 纤
qiao simpler phonetic
qie simpler phonetic
qin 爿 as part of characters is regulary simplified to 丬
qing 大, not 犬
qiong simpler phonetic
qiu fusion with simpler character
qu fusion with simpler character
quan 又 is used as simplification of 堇 in 漢, 艱, 僅 and 嘆 (but not in 谨 or 瑾), for 登 in 邓 (but not in 澄 or 凳), for 奚 in 雞 (but not in 溪), for 雚 in 歡, 權 and 勸 (but not in 獾 or 颧), for the middle part of 樹 and the left part in 戲.
quan 又 is used as simplification of 堇 in 漢, 艱, 僅 and 嘆 (but not in 谨 or 瑾), for 登 in 邓 (but not in 澄 or 凳), for 奚 in 雞 (but not in 溪), for 雚 in 歡, 權 and 勸 (but not in 獾 or 颧), for the middle part of 樹 and the left part in 戲.
que simpler phonetic; variant?
rang simpler phonetic; 襄 is otherwise not abbreviated
rao simpler phonetic 憂 is similarly abbreviated in 優 to 优; as a single character, 憂 is simplified to 忧
re actually an adaption of the rule of "執 to 执"
ren simpler phonetic
sa simpler phonetic; 西 is the simplified shape of more character parts like 曬 to 晒, 蒨 to 茜, or 犧 to 牺
san
sang
sao analogous simplification in 歸 to 归 or 婦 to 妇; 帚 as a single character is not simplified
se
shai simpler phonetic; 西 is the simplified shape of more character parts like 灑 to 洒, 蒨 to 茜, or 犧 to 牺
shang 昜 is otherwise simplified in a different way, like 楊 to 杨, or 陽 to 阳
she fusion with simpler character
shen fusion with simpler character
sheng
sheng signific, with part of the phonetic, is transformed into simple phonetic
shi 湿 显 is the simplification of the character 顯
shi 头 is otherwise the simplified form of 頭; 貫 as a single character is simplified to 贯
shi simpler phonetic; in some words read kuo, then allowed to be written 𨓈
shi actually an adaption of the rule of "執 to 执"
shou 嘼 was originally a separate character
shu
shu simplification and fusion with simpler character 朮 zhu
shu 又 is used as simplification of 堇 in 漢, 艱, 僅 and 嘆 (but not in 谨 or 瑾), for 登 in 邓 (but not in 澄 or 凳), for 奚 in 雞 (but not in 溪), for 雚 in 歡, 權 and 勸 (but not in 獾 or 颧), for the middle part of 樹 and the left part in 戲.
shuai the left part is simplified in 歸 to 归
song fusion with simpler character
su 办 is otherwise the simplified form of 辦
su fusion with simpler character 蘇 to new simplified character
sui
sui similar simplification in 橢 to 椭, or 墮 to 堕; 隋 as a single character not simplified
tai variant
tai fusion with simpler character 臺 to new simplified character
tai fusion with simpler character
tai transformation of one part into a simple phonetic
tan 亶 is otherwise is not simplifed; 云 is otherwise the simplified form of 雲, or 軍 (like 運 to 运), or 曾 (like 層 to 层)
tan fusion with simpler character 壇 to new simplified character
tan 又 is used as simplification of 堇 in 漢, 艱, 僅 and 嘆 (but not in 谨 or 瑾), for 登 in 邓 (but not in 澄 or 凳), for 奚 in 雞 (but not in 溪), for 雚 in 歡, 權 and 勸 (but not in 獾 or 颧), for the middle part of 樹 and the left part in 戲.
teng characters with this phonetic are otherwise simplified differently, like 騰 to 腾, or 勝 to 胜
ti variant
ti
tie simpler phonetic
ting variant
ting simpler phonetic and signific; 厂, not 广
tou variant
tu
tu fusion with simpler character
tuan
tuan fusion with simpler character 團 to new simplified character
tui similar simplification in 隨 to 随, or 墮 to 堕; 隋 as a single character not simplified
wa simpler phonetic (compare 哇)
wa simpler phonetic; 蔑 is otherwise not simplified; 末, not 未
wang fusion with simpler character; 网 is traditional radical 13 "net"
wei variant?
wen The right part is similarly simplified in 隱 to 隐. This simplification is missing in the list.
wu
wu actually subject to the rule of "務 to 务"
xi simpler phonetic; 羲 is otherwise not simplified; 西 is the simplified shape of more character parts like 曬 to 晒, 蒨 to 茜, or 灑 to 洒
xi 習 is otherwise not simplified
xi fusion with simpler character
xi fusion with simpler character
xi 又 is used as simplification of 堇 in 漢, 艱, 僅 and 嘆 (but not in 谨 or 瑾), for 登 in 邓 (but not in 澄 or 凳), for 奚 in 雞 (but not in 溪), for 雚 in 歡, 權 and 勸 (but not in 獾 or 颧), for the middle part of 樹 and the left part in 戲.
xia simpler phonetic; 叚 is otherwise not simplified
xia simpler phonetic; 赫 as a single character is not simplified
xian fusion with simpler character
xian the left part is abbreviated in the same way in 濕 to 湿
xian transformation of a part of the character into a simple phonetic
xian
xiang simpler phonetic and simpler signific
xiang fusion with simpler character
xiang fusion with simpler character
xie 办 is otherwise the simplified form of 辦
xie 办 is otherwise the simplified form of 辦
xie actually subject to the rule of "執 to 执"
xin variant
xing
xu fusion with simpler character
xuan actually subject to the rule of "縣 to 县"
xuan simpler phonetic; 巽 is otherwise not simplified
xuan fusion with simpler character
ya the simplified form is written with a dot below, unlike 庄
yan
yang 昜 is otherwise simplified in a different way, like 楊 to 杨, or 傷 to 伤
yang
yang simpler phonetic; 養 as a single character is simplified to 养
yang simpler phonetic; 羕 as a single character is not simplified
yao simpler phonetic; 龠 as a single character is not simplified
yao simpler phonetic; 樂 as a single character is simplified to 乐
ye
ye variant
yi
yi 亿 simpler phonetic; 意 as a single character is not simplifed
yi simpler phonetic; 意 as a single character is not simplifed
ying
yong simpler phonetic; 雝 as a single character is not simplifed
yong simpler phonetic; 雍 as a single character is not simplifed
yong simpler phonetic; 庸 as a single character is not simplifed
yong simpler phonetic; 勇 as a single character is not simplifed
you transformation of signific, added by a simpler phonetic
you simpler phonetic; 憂 as a single character is simplifed to 忧, as part of other characters as 尤
you part of character transformed into simple phonetic
yu fusion with simpler character; also written 馀 to avoid confusion
yu fusion with simpler character
yu replaced by simpler character
yu variant
yu 與 as a single character and as part of other characters is simplified differently, like 與 to 与, or 嶼 to 屿. 兴 is the simplification of 興.
yuan the right part is otherwise simplified in a different way, like 肅 to 肃
yuan simpler phonetic; 袁 as a single character is not abbreviated
yuan simpler phonetic; 袁 as a single character is not abbreviated
yuan variant
yue simpler phonetic; 翟 is otherwise not simplified
yun simpler phonetic; 云 is otherwise the simplified form of 雲, or 曾 (like 層 to 层), or 亶 (like 壇 to 坛); 軍 is normally simplified to 军
yun simpler phonetic; the right part is otherwise differently simplified, like 溫 to 温
za
zang simpler phonetic; 臧 as a single character is not simplifed; 庄 is the simplified form of 莊
zang simpler phonetic; 臧 as a single character is not simplifed; 庄 is the simplified form of 莊
zang fusion with simpler character to new simplified character
zao
zao
zao variant
zhai 齊 as a single character is simplified to 齐
zhan simpler phonetic; 亶 as a single character is not simplifed; 占 can be the simplification of 覃 (like 氈 to 毡), 單 (like 戰 to 战), or 贊 (like 鑽 to 钻)
zhan simpler phonetic; 單 as a single character is simplified to 单; 占 can be the simplification of 覃 (like 氈 to 毡), 單 (like 戰 to 战), or 贊 (like 鑽 to 钻)
zhao 肖 is otherwise not simplified
zhe fusion with simpler character; not simplified to avoid confusion
zhe
zheng simpler phonetic; 登 as a single character is not simplified, yet as part of other characters simplied in a different way, like 燈 to 灯, or 鄧 to 邓
zheng fusion with simpler character; not simplified in the meaning of one of the five musical tones
zheng simpler phonetic; 徵 as a single character is simplified to 征
zhi fusion with simpler character
zhi fusion with simpler character
zhi fusion with simpler character
zhi fusion with simpler character
zhong simpler phonetic and fusion with other character; 童 as a single character is not simplified
zhong simpler phonetic and fusion with other character; 重 as a single character is not simplified
zhong simpler phonetic; 重 as a single character is not simplified
zhong simpler phonetic; 重 as a single character is not simplified
zhong
zhou
zhu fusion with simpler character
zhu 蜀 as a single character is not simplifed; 蜀 is also simplified in 濁 as 浊, 獨 as 独; in 屬 abbreviated as 属
zhu
zhuang variant; 壯 as a single character is simplified to 壮; not written with dot, to discern from 壓 to 压
zhuang simpler phonetic; 舂 as a single character is not simplifed
zhuang 爿 as part of characters is regulary simplified to 丬
zhuang actually subject to the rule of "壯 to 壮"
zhuang 爿 as part of characters is regulary simplified to 丬
zhuang 爿 as part of characters is regulary simplified to 丬
zhun fusion with simpler character
zhu 蜀 as a single character is not simplifed
zong
zuan simpler phonetic; 贊 as a single character is simplified to 赞; 占 can be the simplification of 覃 (like 氈 to 毡), 單 (like 戰 to 战), or 贊 (like 鑽 to 钻)

Simplified Characters in Japan

From the 4th century on, Japan adopted the Chinese writing system. Chinese characters are the origin of the Japanese Hiragana and Katakana syllable alphabets. With their long history of use, Chinese characters (jap. Kanji) in Japan developed shapes of their own and some simplified characters were created that are not identical to those used in China. In some cases, the difference is just leaving out a dot or a stroke.

Table 13. Examples for Japanese simplified characters (shin jitai 新字体)
traditional Chinese simplified Japanese simplified
(一)
-
广
Sources:
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