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Chinese Arts - Architecture
Cities and Villages 城市與農村


The capitals of the Chinese Dynasties more or less corresponded to the Fengshui pattern: a river to the south and a hill to the north, sometimes there was the need to pile up an artificial mountain or to divert a creek. All cities in China were fortified with a city wall (cheng 城) and enclosed dwelling quarters of population, merchants and guilds; one or more markets (shi 市); and the administration buildings respectively the imperial palace of the capital city. The modern Chinese word for city, chengshi 城市, is composed of the terms for "wall" and "market". Administratorial buildings were normally located in the central or northern part of the city, the inner or private buildings of the emperor or magistrate or whoever in the north, official halls to the south. The emperor or his representant is facing the south, the subjects bowing to the north.
Many dynasties had more than one capital city. The following table shall give an overview of the capital cities (secondary capitals and the capitals of minor dynasties are not included in this table):
Capital cityLocation (modern)Period
Zongzhou 宗周 or
Chengzhou 成周
near Xi'an/ShaanxiWestern Zhou 西周
Xianyang 咸陽near Xianyang/ShaanxiQin 秦
Chang'an 長安Xi'an/ShaanxiFormer Han 西漢
Western Jin 西晉
some of the 16 Kingdoms
Sui 隋
Tang 唐
Luoyang 洛陽 (雒)Luoyang/HenanEastern Zhou 東周
Later Han 後漢
Cao-Wei 曹魏
Northern Wei 北魏
Jianye 建業
Jiankang 建康
Nanjing 南京
Nanjiang/JiangsuWu 吳
Eastern Jin 東晉
Southern Dynasties 南朝
Ming 明 (begin)
Heavenly Kingdom 太平天國
Republic (Nanjing government) 民國
Chengdu 成都Chengdu/SichuanShu-Han 蜀漢
Datong 大同Datong/ShanxiNorthern Wei 北魏 (begin)
Kaifeng 開封Kaifeng/HenanFive Dynasties 五代
Northern Song 北宋
Lin'an 臨安Hangzhou/ZhejiangSouthern Song 南宋
Linhuang 臨潢Balinzuo Banner/Inner MongoliaLiao 遼
Xingqing 興慶Yinchuan/NingxiaXia 夏
Daxing 大興
Dadu 大都
Beijing 北京
Beiping 北平 (later Rep.)
BeijingJin 金
Yuan 元
Ming 明
Qing 清
People's Republic 人民共和國
Mukden (Shenyang 瀋陽)Shenyang/LiaoningManchus (pre-Qing period)
The picture on the right top shows a map of the imperial palace of the Tang Dynasty 唐 from Li Haowen's 李昊文 description of Chang'an Chang'an zhitu 長安志圖 (written during Yuan 元). The link will show an enlarged copy of the city plan, south to the top like it was use in traditional Chinese maps. Except the north, every side of the square city has three gates. The outer square is the city wall (jingcheng 京城), the middle square the wall of the imperial quarter (huangcheng 皇城), and the inner square represents (not in a real scale) the wall of the imperial palace (gongcheng 宮城). The text within the palace square reflects the names of the gates and halls inside the palace area. The halls are, from south to north, the Taijidian 太極殿 "Hall of the highest extreme", Liangyidian 兩儀殿 "Hall of the two principles (Heaven and Earth; here begins the Inner Court neichao 內朝)", and Ganludian 甘露殿 "Hall of sweet dew". Compare the names of the Imperial Palace in Beijing.

  © 2000 ff · Ulrich Theobald · Mail