ChinaKnowledge.de -
An Encyclopaedia on Chinese History and Literature

Menggu lüli 蒙古律例

Sep 3, 2019 © Ulrich Theobald

The book Menggu lüli 蒙古律例, Manchu title Monggo fafun-i bithe, Mongolian title Mongɣol čaɣaǰin-u bičig, is a law canon for the Mongols of Inner Mongolia issued by the Court of Colonial Affairs (lifanyuan 理藩院) of the Qing dynasty 清 (1644-1911) in 1643, and in revised editions in 1741 and 1795.

The compilers took into consideration existing customs. The text was issued in Mongolian, Manchu, and Chinese language. It consists of 12 fascicles or chapters with 209 paragraps in total.

The code begins with regulations for the "official" ranks (guanxian 官銜) of the Mongol nobility, for instance, the bestowment of the titles of taiyiji (Ch. taiji 台吉) or tabunang (Ch. tabunang 塔布囊) for the lesser nobility. It continues with regulations for household registrations, taxes, and corvée (hukou chaiyao 戶口差徭); tributes to be delivered to the Qing court (chaogong 朝貢), covenants of the leagues and banners (huimeng xingjun 會盟行軍), military posts at the borders (bianjing kashao 邊境卡哨), the suppression of banditry (daozei 盜賊), issues of homicide (renming 人命), information to the authorities (shougao 首告), the arrest of fugitive criminals (buwangzafan 雜犯), issues of the clergy (lama li 喇嘛例), and pronunciation of verdicts (duanyu 斷獄).

The text of the canon can be compared with corresponding parts of the comprehensive administrative canon Da-Qing huidian 大清會典 and the regulations of the Lifanyuan zeli 理藩院則例. It was printed by the Hall of Military Glory (Wuyingdian 武英殿).

Table 1. Contents of the Menggu lüli 蒙古律例
1 官銜 Tüsimel jerge Official titles
2 戶口差徭 Erüke jarulɣ-a Households and corvée
3 朝貢 Mörgür-e irekü, barir-a irekü Visit to the emperor and tributes
4 會盟行軍 Čiɣulɣan čiɣulqu ba čiriglekü Reunion of league and military expeditions
5 邊境卡哨 Jaq-a kijaɣar qarayul Border and sentinel
6 盜賊 Qulaɣai qudal Robbery and violence
7 人命 Kümün-ü amin Homicide
8 首告 Jaɣalduqu gerečilekü Denounciation and accusation
9 捕亡 Bariqu orɣuqu Arrest of escaped criminals
10 雜犯 Baɣ-a, saɣ-a yal-a Miscellaneous offences
11 喇嘛例 Blam-a nar-un qauli Rules for the clergy
12 斷獄 Jarɣu sigükü Judgment and imprisonment
Sources:
Barkmann, Udo B. (1990). "Einige Bemerkungen zur Stellung des Qalqa-mongolischen Adels im System der Banneradministration des 18. Jahrhunderts", Central Asiatic Journal, 34/1-2: 1-25.
Constant, Frédéric (2016). Mongolian code (Legalizing Space in China).
Dalizhabu 達力扎布 (2003). "Menggu lüli ji qi yu Lifanyuan zeli de guanxi 《蒙古律例》及其與《理藩院則例》的關係", Qingshi yanjiu 清史研究, 2003 (11).
Dieleikefu [Terekhov, S.D.] С.Д. 迪雷科夫, Li Xiumei 李秀梅(2004). "Kangxi sanshiwu nian ben Menggu lüli E yiben xuyan 康熙三十五年本《蒙古律例》俄譯本序言", Mengguxue xinxi 蒙古學信息, 2004 (7).
Gao Wende 高文德, ed. (1995). Zhongguo shaoshu minzu shi da cidian 中國少數民族史大辭典 (Changchun: Jilin jiaoyu chubanshe), 2335.
Heuschert, Dorothea (1998). Die Gesetzgebung der Qing für die Mongolen im 17. Jahrhundert anhand des Mongolischen Gesetzbuches aus der Kangxi-Zeit (1662-1722) (Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz).
Li Xueqin 李學勤, Lü Wenyu 呂文郁, ed. (1996). Siku da cidian 四庫大辭典 (Changchun: Jilin daxue chubanshe), Vol. 1, 1443.
Riasanovsky, V[alentin] A. (1937). Fundamental Principles of Mongol Law (Mongols, Buriats, Kalmucks) (Tientsin: Telberg [Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1965; Westport, CT: Hyperion, 1979]).
Wurina 烏日娜 (2012). "Qingchao Menggu lüli ji qi zhengli chuban shulüe 清朝《蒙古律例》及其整理出版述略", Lantai shijie 蘭台世界, 2012 (7).
Zhao Shan 趙珊(2017). "Mengu lüli: Shenming caipan de yuyin yu chengxin jiazhi de jili 《蒙古律例》:神明裁判的餘音與誠信價值的機理", Lilun guancha 理語觀察, 2017 (2).
Zhao Yuntian 趙雲田 (1995). "Menggu lüli he Lifanyuan zeli 《蒙古律例》和《理藩院則例》", Qingshi yanjiu 清史研究, 1995 (8).