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An Encyclopaedia on Chinese History, Literature and Art
The following table includes key terms of event history, and a wide range of special terms used in the fields of administrative history, economic history, military history, law and jurisdiction, the calendar, education and scholarship, and religion.
The terms and keywords are arranged alphabetically (Pinyin system, and some English terms), but of course they can also be sought for by the search funtion.
| A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T W X Y Z |
| A [top] | |
|---|---|
| academies | see shuyuan 書院 |
| alcohol monopoly and taxation | see quejiu 榷酒 |
| alliances | see meng 盟 |
| amnesty from punishment | see she 赦 |
| ancestral veneration | |
| anchashi 按察使 | surveillance commissioner |
| anfushi 安撫使 | pacification commissioner |
| B [top] | |
|---|---|
| ba 霸 | hegemonial lord |
| baguwen 八股文 | eight-legged essay |
| bailiang 白糧 | metropolitan tribute grain |
| baju 八局 | the Eight Services of palace administration (Ming), see eunuchs |
| banks, traditional banking | see qianzhuang 錢莊 and piaohao 票號 |
| Banner land | see qidi 旗地 |
| Banner system | see baqi 八旗 |
| baochao 寶鈔 | see paper money |
| baojia 保甲 | communal self-defence system |
| baojiafa 保甲法 | see baojia 保甲 |
| baomafa 保馬法 | militia horse law (Wang Anshi reforms) |
| baqi 八旗 | Eight Banners (Qing) |
| beifubing 北府兵 | elite army (Jin period) |
| biyong 辟雍 | instruction hall of the imperial palace |
| bo 伯 | earl, see wujue 五爵 |
| boshi 博士 | erudite, "professor" |
| bronze inscriptions | jinwen 金文 |
| Buddhism | |
| buqu 部曲 | private army (Cao-Wei, Jin, Nanbeichao); serfs (Sui, Tang) |
| buzhengshi 布政使 | provincial administration commissioner |
| C [top] | |
|---|---|
| caifangshi 採訪使 | investigation commissioner |
| calendar | |
| cangue | see jia 枷 |
| caoliang 漕糧 | tribute grain |
| caoyun 漕運 | transport of tribute grain |
| caoyunsi 漕運司 | see zhuanyunshi 轉運使 |
| caoyun zongdu 漕運總督 | Director-general of grain transport |
| castration, as punishment | see gong 宮 |
| censor | see yushi dafu 御史大夫 |
| Censorate | see Yushitai 衘史臺 |
| chaju zhi 察舉制 | commandery quota system of official recruitment (Han period) |
| changpingcang 常平倉 | ever-normal granaries |
| chafa 茶法 | tea administration |
| chamafa 茶馬法 | tea-horse trade, see chafa 茶法, mazheng 馬政 |
| changcheng 長城 | The Great Wall |
| changwei 廠衛 | Depots and Brocade Guards |
| chaogong 朝貢 | see tribute system |
| chelie 車裂 | tearing a criminal's limbs apart by carts |
| chengxiang 丞相 | Counsellor-in-chief |
| chi 笞 | beating with the light stick |
| chongjun 充軍 | penal military service |
| chuilian tingzheng 垂簾聽政 | regency by an empress dowager |
| cipei 刺配 | penal tattooing and exile or military service |
| circuit | see lu 路 |
| cishi 刺史 | regional inspector |
| cisi 賜死 | imperial order to commit suicide |
| Confucianism | |
| Confucian Classics | |
| contribution | see juanna 捐納, hemai 和買 |
| Counsellor-in-chief | see chengxiang 丞相 |
| corvée labour | see yaoyi 徭役 |
| courtesy name | see names of persons |
| D [top] | |
|---|---|
| dafu 大夫 | grand master (Zhou); see also jiu qing 九卿 |
| dalisi 大理寺 | Court of Judicial Review |
| Daoism | |
| dao-fu 道府 | = daoyuan 道員 + zhifu 知府 |
| daotai 道臺 | circuit intendant |
| daoyuan 道員 | see daotai 道臺 |
| dapi 大辟 | death penalty, see si 死 |
| dayunhe 大運河 | see Grand Canal |
| "death by thousand cuts" | see lingchi 凌遲 |
| death penalty | see si 死 |
| di 禘 sacrifices | see jiaosi 郊祀 |
| diandang 典當 | pawnshop |
| dianke 佃客 | client-farmers (Jin, Nanbeichao) |
| diannong 典農 | tenant farmers |
| diding 地丁 | unified field-and-poll tax, see also tanding rumu 攤丁入畝 |
| diding heyi 地丁合一 | see tanding rumu 攤丁入畝 |
| dingdai 頂戴 | hat button as a marker of rank (Qing) |
| ding'ezu zhi 定額租制 | fixed-rent system of tenancy |
| dingfu 丁賦 | service tax |
| Donglin dang 東林黨 | Donglin Faction |
| du caoyun shisi 都漕運使司 | see zhuanyunshi 轉運使 |
| duchayuan 都察院 | see Yushitai 衘史臺 |
| dudie 度牒 | tax-exemption certificate (for the clergy) |
| dudu 都督 | commander-in-chief |
| duhu 都護 | protector-general |
| duliangheng 度量衡 | weights and measures |
| Dunhuang 敦煌 | westernmost commandery of ancient China |
| duyushi 都御史 | see yushi dafu 御史大夫 |
| E [top] | |
|---|---|
| Eight Banners | see baqi 八旗 |
| eight-legged essay | see baguwen 八股文 |
| equal-field system | see juntian zhi 均田制 |
| ershideng jue 二十等爵 | twenty military ranks of honour in the Qin and Former Han empires |
| ershisi yamen 二十四衙門 | twenty-four court institutions (Ming), see eunuchs |
| eunuchs | |
| examination system (kejuzhi 科舉制) | see also
examination type (kemu 科目) recommendation system (zheng-bi zhi 征辟制) commandery quota (chaju zhi 察舉制) tiejing 貼經 (moyi 墨義, kouyi 口義) schools teachers academies (shuyuan 書院) eight-legged essay (baguwen 八股文) tribute student (gongsheng 貢生) university student (jiansheng 監生) presented scholar (jinshi 進士) provincial graduate (juren 舉人) classicist (mingjing 明經) government student (shengyuan 生員) cultivated talent (xiucai 秀才) |
| evaluation of officials | see kaoji 考績 |
| exile | see liu 流 |
| F [top] | |
|---|---|
| fangshu 方術, fangshi 方士 | magic and magicians |
| fangtianfa 方田法 | see junshuifa 均税法 |
| fangyushi 防禦使 | defence commissioner |
| fangzhen 方鎮 | defence command |
| fanzhen 藩鎮 | frontier defence command |
| fei 剕 | cutting off a foot as punishment |
| feiqian 飛錢 | bills of exchange (Tang) |
| female officials | see nüguan 女官 |
| fenchengzu zhi 分成租制 | quota-rent system of tenancy |
| fengjian zhidu 封建制度 | see zhuhou 諸侯 |
| fenglu 俸祿 | salary of state officials |
| fengshan 封禪 | sacrifices to Heaven and Earth of Mt. Taishan |
| "feudal lords", regional rulers | see zhuhou 諸侯 |
| "feudal system" | see zhuhou 諸侯 |
| Five Directorates | see jiusi wujian 九寺五監 |
| fubing 府兵 | garrison militia (Northern Dynasties-Tang) |
| fushe 復社 | Revival Society, a literary society (Ming) |
| fuxing fuxing 脯刑 | drying the sliced corpse of a criminal, punishment in ancient China |
| fuyi 賦役 | taxation methods |
| fuzheng 輔政 | regency |
| G [top] | |
|---|---|
| gaitu guiliu 改土歸流 | abolition of indirect rule by native chieftains |
| gengmingtian 更名田 | redesignation of land (early Qing) |
| gentry | shenshi 紳士, jinshen 縉紳, etc. |
| gong 公 | duke, see wujue 五爵 |
| gong 宮 | penal castration |
| gongcha 貢茶 | tribute tea |
| gongsheng 貢生 | tribute student |
| gongtian 公田 | state-owned land, public land, government land |
| gongxietian 公廨田 | "office fields" for covering administrative expenses (Sui and Tang) |
| granaries | see changpingcang 常平倉, shecang 社倉, yicang 義倉; pingdi pingtiao 平糴平糶 |
| guantian 官田 | state-owned land, public land, government land |
| Grand Canal or Imperial Canal (dayunhe 大運河) | |
| The Great Wall | |
| guanchashi 觀察使 | surveillance commissioner |
| guanglu dafu 光祿大夫 | |
| guanglu xun 光祿勛 | |
| guanzi 關子 | a kind of paper money (Song) |
| guozijian 國子監 | Directorate of Education |
| H [top] | |
|---|---|
| haixing 醢刑) | pickling the sliced corpse of a criminal, punishment in ancient China |
| Hanlinyuan 翰林院 | Hanlin Academy |
| hao 號 | style, see names of persons |
| haoqiang 豪強, haozu 豪族 | see menfa 門閥 |
| haoxian 耗羨 | transport-loss surcharge |
| Heavenly Mandate | see tianming 天命 |
| hedao zongdu 河道總督 | director-general of the Grand Canal |
| hemai 和買 | government purchase of various commodities, contributions |
| heqin 和親 | political marriage between China and "barbarian" rulers (Han-Tang) |
| horse administration | see mazheng 馬政 |
| hou 候 | marquis, see wujue 五爵 |
| household tax system | see hudiao zhi 戶調制 |
| hualing 花翎 | peacock feather as a marker of rank (Qing) |
| huangce 黃冊 | the yellow registers |
| Huanghe 黄河 | Yellow River |
| huangji 黃籍 | yellow household registers |
| huangshicheng 皇史宬 | Imperial Archives |
| huanqian 圜錢 | round coins (Zhanguo and Qin) |
| hubu 戶部 | Ministry of Revenue |
| hudeng zhi 戶等制 | household classification system |
| hudiao zhi 戶調制 | household tax system |
| hui 諱 | taboo name, see names of persons |
| huiguan 會館 | guild hall |
| huizi 會子 | a kind of paper money (Song) |
| huji 戶籍 | household registers |
| I [top] | |
|---|---|
| Ili | border region in the far west |
| Imperial Canal, see Grand Canal | |
| inspection tours | see xunshou 巡狩 |
| J [top] | |
|---|---|
| jia 枷 | the cangue, a wooden panel to be worn around the head of delinquents |
| jian 諫 | admonition, critique; remonstration against a verdict or legal decision; rejection of a document because of formal or factual deficits |
| jianguo 監國 | regency |
| jiansheng 監生 | university student |
| jiangbingfa 將兵法 | see zhijiangfa 置將法 |
| jiaoshou 教授 | teacher |
| jiaosi 郊祀 | suburban sacrifices |
| jiaguwen 甲骨文 | oracle bone inscriptions |
| jiaozi 交子 | paper money (Song) |
| jiawu zhangzheng 甲午戰爭 | First Chinese-Japanese War 1895 |
| jiedushi 節度使 | military commissioner |
| jimi 羈縻 | indirect rule over native border territories |
| jinglüeshi 經略使 | regulatory commissioner |
| jingtian zhi 井田制 | well-field system |
| jinshen 縉紳 | see gentry |
| jinshi 進士 | "presented scholar", title awarded to graduates of the metropolitan and palace examinations |
| jinwen 金文 | bronze inscriptions |
| jinyiwei 錦衣衛 | Brocade Guards, see changwei 廠衛 |
| jitian 祭田 | sacrificial fields, see zutian 族田, miaotian 廟田 |
| jiupin 九品 | nine ranks of state officials |
| jiupin huntong 九品混通 | see hudiaozhi |
| jiupin xiangtong 九品相通 | see hudiaozhi |
| jiuqing 九卿 | Nine Chamberlains |
| jiusi wujian 九寺五監 | The Nine Courts and Five Directorates |
| jiuxi 九錫 | the nine privileges |
| juanmian 蠲免 | tax remissions or waivers |
| juanna 捐納 | contributions |
| juanshu 捐輸 | see juanna 捐納 |
| junjichu 軍機處 | Council of State |
| junshufa 均輸法 | balanced-delivery law (Wang Anshi reforms) |
| junshuifa 均税法 | equal-tax law (Wang Anshi reforms) |
| juntian zhi 均田制 | equal-field system |
| junxiang 軍餉 | military pay |
| juren 舉人 | "recommendee", title awarded to graduates of prefectural or provincial examinations |
| K [top] | |
|---|---|
| kaoji 考績 | evaluation of state officials |
| kejuzhi 科舉制 | see examination system |
| kemu 科目 | type of examinations, see also examination system |
| keze 科則 | classification system for land tax |
| king | see wujue 五爵 |
| kongqueling 孔雀翎 | peacock feather as a marker of rank (Qing) |
| koufu 口賦 | see suanfu 算賦 |
| kuping tael 庫平 | government standard weight for silver money (Qing) |
| L [top] | |
|---|---|
| lanling 藍翎 | pheasant feather as a marker of rank (Qing) |
| lianfangshi 廉訪使 | investigation commissioners |
| liang | monetary silver ingots, currency of account |
| liangshuifa 兩稅法 | twice-taxation system |
| lianzuofa 連坐法 | collective liability |
| lifanyuan 理藩院 | Court of Colonial Affairs |
| lijia 里甲 | rural self-administration system |
| lijin 釐金 | the likin tax |
| ling 令 | district magistrate or institutional director |
| lingchi 凌遲 | "death by thousand cuts" |
| pickling or drying the corpse (haixing 醢刑, fuxing 脯刑)liu 流 | exile |
| liubu 六部 | the Six Ministries |
| liuke 六科 | the Six Offices of Scrutiny |
| liumang 流氓 | see liumin 流民 |
| liushou 留守 | resident regent |
| liumin 流民 | peasant refugees |
| liuwang 流亡 | see liumin 流民 |
| lougui 陋規 | surcharge, "customary fee" |
| lu 路 | circuit |
| lutian 祿田 | see zhitian 職田 |
| lüyingbing 綠營兵 | Green Standard Troops (Qing) |
| M [top] | |
|---|---|
| magistrate | see ling 令 or zhixian 知縣 |
| Manchu Banners | see baqi 八旗 |
| Mandate of Heaven | see tianming 天命 |
| mazheng 馬政 | horse administration |
| menfa 門閥 | eminent or distinguished families (Wei to Tang) |
| meng 盟 | alliances |
| menke 門客 | retainers |
| menxiasheng 門下省 | the Chancellery (Han to Song) |
| mensheng 門生 | see menke 門客 |
| mianhangfa 免行法 | see shiyifa 市易法 |
| mianyifa 免役法 | see muyifa 募役法 |
| miaohao 廟號 | temple name, see names of persons |
| miaotian 廟田 | fields belonging to temples and monasteries |
| mingjing 明經 | classicist, expert in the Confucian Classics |
| mingtang 明堂 | main ceremonial hall of the imperial palace |
| mingzi 名字 | personal and courtesy name, see names of persons |
| Ministry of Revenue | see hubu 戶部 |
| mo 墨 | penal tattooing |
| money | see huanqian 圜錢, standard cash, paper money, money of the Qing period |
| moyi 墨義 | see tiejing 貼經 |
| mourning dress | see sangfu 喪服 |
| mu 牧 | regional governor |
| muyifa 募役法 | labour recruitment law (Wang Anshi reforms) |
| N [top] | |
|---|---|
| nan 男 | baron, see wujue 五爵 |
| nanxun 南巡 | see xunshou 巡狩 |
| neige 内閣 | Grand Secretariat |
| neiwufu 内務府 | Imperial Household Department |
| Nine Courts | see jiusi wujian 九寺五監 |
| nongtian shuili fa 農田水利法 | see shuilifa 水利法 |
| nüguan 女官 | see female officials |
| nuli 奴隸 | slaves |
| O [top] | |
|---|---|
| oracle bone inscriptions | jiaguwen 甲骨文 |
| P [top] | |
|---|---|
| palace memorial system | see zouzhe 奏摺 |
| paoge 炮格 (paoluo 炮烙) | roasting beam, extraordinary mode of penalisation |
| paper money | |
| pawnshops | see diandang 典當 |
| pengmin 棚民 | shed people, migrant workers (Ming-Qing) |
| piaohao 票號 | the Shanxi Banks |
| pingdi pingtiao 平糴 平糶 | price regulation of grain |
| pingmifa 平米法 | field tax adjustment policy |
| pingyu 平餘 | surcharge |
| pingzhunfa 平準法 | price adjustment method |
| poll tax | see suanfu 算賦 |
| pouxin 剖心 | cutting out the heart, extraordinary mode of penalisation |
| posthumous title | see names of persons |
| Prime Minister | see chengxiang 丞相 |
| prince | see wujue 五爵 |
| protectorate | see duhu 都護 |
| penal system | see five capital punishments (wuxing 五刑) tattooing (mo 墨) cutting off the nose (yi 劓) cutting off a foot (fei 剕) castration (gong 宮) execution (si 死) cutting apart at the waist (yaozhan 腰斬) tearing apart by carts (chelie 車裂) public presentation of the head (xiaoshou 梟首, qishi 棄市) "death by thousand cuts" (lingchi 凌遲) pickling or drying the corpse (haixing 醢刑, fuxing 脯刑) heavy stick (zhang 杖) light stick (chi 笞) exile (liu 流) penal servitude (tu 徒) tattooing and exile (cipei 刺配) penal military service (chongjun 充軍) torture instruments (xingju 刑具) the cangue (jia 枷) |
| punishment | see wuxing 五刑 |
| Q [top] | |
|---|---|
| qianyin 錢引 | paper money (Song) |
| qianzhuang 錢莊 | banks |
| qiaozhou 僑州, qiaojun 僑郡, qiaoxian 僑縣 | refugee or exile provinces, commanderies, and districts |
| qidi 旗地 | Banner land |
| Qincha wei 欽察衛 | Qibčaq Guards (Yuan) |
| qing 卿 | minister (Zhou), see also jiu qing 九卿 |
| qing shi dafu 卿士大夫 | ministers, grand masters, and servicemen (Zhou) |
| qingmiaofa 青苗法 | green-sprouts law (Wang Anshi reforms) |
| qishi 棄市 | see xiaoshou 梟首 |
| qiushen 秋審 | autumn assizes |
| quecha 榷茶 | tea monopoly, see chafa 茶法 |
| quejiu 榷酒 | alcohol monopoly |
| R [top] | |
|---|---|
| regency | |
| regional rulers | see zhuhou 諸侯 |
| remonstrance | see jian 諫 |
| renxun 人殉 | human sacrifice (mainly for burials) |
| rouxing 肉刑, penal mutilation | see wuxing 五刑 |
| S [top] | |
|---|---|
| sacrifices | see suburban sacrifices to Heaven and Earth (jiaosi 郊祀) fengshan sacrifices 封禪 to Heaven and Earth sacrifices to sun and moon sacrifices to the spirits of soil and grain (sheji 社稷) the five sacrifices blood sacrifices (xueji 血祭) |
| salt tax | see yanke 鹽課 |
| salt administration, salt monopoly | see yanfa 鹽法 |
| sandeng jiuze 三等九則 | see keze 科則, classification of land |
| sangfu 喪服 | mourning clothes |
| sangong 三公 | the Three Dukes |
| sanshefa 三舍法 | law on the three colleges (Wang Anshi reforms) |
| sansheng 三省 | see shangshusheng 尚書省, zhongshusheng 中書省, menxiasheng 門下省 |
| sansi 三司 | the Three Financial Bureaus (Song) |
| sanxiang 三餉 | extraordinary taxes for war finance (late Ming) |
| sanzhang zhi 三長制 | "three-heads system" for household registration (Northern Wei to Tang) |
| sanzu 三族 | the extinction of three generations |
| schools | |
| semuren 色目人 | Yuan-period designation for persons of Central and Western Asia |
| shangshusheng 尚書省 | Imperial Secretariat, Department of State Affairs |
| shanrang 禪讓, shanwei 禪位 | leaving the throne to a worthy successor (and not the son) |
| she 赦, shemian 赦免 | amnesty from punishment |
| shecang 社倉 | community granaries |
| sheji 社稷 | the altars of the spirits of soil and grain |
| shengyuan 生員 | student obtaining a goventment-sponsored scholarship and a college place |
| shenshi 紳士 | see gentry |
| sheren 舍人 | retainers, later secretaries, see menke 門客 |
| shezheng 攝政 | regency |
| shi 士 | serviceman (Zhou); "scholar" |
| shi 氏 | family name, see names of persons |
| shi 謚 | posthumous title, see names of persons |
| shi'er jian 十二監 | the Twelve Directorates of palace administration (Ming), see eunuchs |
| shijing 石經 | Stone Classics |
| shiyifa 市易法 | market exchange law (Wang Anshi reforms) |
| shiwei 侍衛 | imperial guardsman |
| shizu 士族, shizu 世族 | see menfa 門閥 |
| shuilifa 水利法 | hydraulic works law (Wang Anshi reforms) |
| shumishi 樞密使 | see shumiyuan |
| shumiyuan 樞密院 | Bureau of Military Affairs |
| shuyuan 書院 | academy |
| shuzui 贖罪 | buying redemption from punishment |
| si 死 | death penalty |
| sidengren zhi 四等人制 | four-classes system of society (Yuan) |
| sichou zhi lu 絲綢之路 | see Silk Road |
| silijian 司禮監 | Directorate of Ceremonial |
| Silk Road | |
| silver ingots as money | |
| single-whip method of taxation | see yitiaobian fa 一條鞭法 |
| sisi 四司 | the Four Offices of palace administration (Ming), see eunuchs |
| slaves | see nuli 奴隸 |
| Son of Heaven | see tianzi 天子 |
| style | see names of persons |
| suanfu 算賦 | poll tax |
| suburban sacrifices | see jiaosi 郊祀 |
| sui 歲 | traditional lunar age |
| suicide, enforced, as a penalty | see cisi 賜死 |
| sycee | see monetary silver ingots |
| T [top] | |
|---|---|
| taboo name | see names of persons |
| tael | see monetary silver ingots |
| taichang 太常 | |
| taishou 太守 | commandery governor |
| taiwei 太尉 | Defender-in-chief |
| taixue 太學 | National University |
| tanding rumu 攤丁入畝 | fusion of the poll tax with the field tax |
| Taoism | see Daoism |
| tattooing | see mo 墨 |
| taxes | see diding 地丁 (land-and-poll tax) dingfu 丁賦 (head tax) fuyi 賦役 (tax and corvée) hudiao zhi 戶調制 (household tax) juanmian 蠲免 (tax remittance) junshuifa 均税法 (equal-tax law) ketian zhi 課田制 (land-and-tax quota) keze 科則 (land classification) liangshui fa 兩稅法 (twice-taxation) likin tax 釐金 pingmifa 平米法 (field tax adjustment) quecha 榷茶 (tea tax) quejiu 榷酒 (wine tax) suanfu 算賦 (poll tax) tanding rumu 攤丁入畝 (merging poll and field tax) tianfu 田賦 (field tax) yanke 鹽課 (salt tax) yitiaobian fa 一條鞭法 ("single-whip" taxation) zhengshang 征商 (commercial taxes) zhengyifa 征一法 (unified taxation) zuyongdiao zhi 租庸調制 (tripartite tax) |
| tea administration, tea monopoly, tea-horse trade | see chafa 茶法 |
| temple name | see names of persons |
| tenant farmers | see diannong 典農 |
| tianfu 田賦 | field tax |
| tianming 天命 | the Mandate of Heaven |
| tianzi 天子 | Son of Heaven, title of the king or emperor |
| tidu xuezheng 提督學政 | provincial educational commissioner |
| Thirteen Classics | |
| teachers | see jiaoshou 教授 |
| tiejing 貼經 | examination mode |
| tribute grain | see caoliang 漕糧 |
| tribute system | |
| tribute tea | see gongcha 貢茶 |
| tu 徒 | penal servitude |
| tuiguan 推官 | prefectural judges (Tang-Ming) |
| tuntian 屯田 | military agro-colonies |
| tusi 土司 | native chieftain |
| W [top] | |
|---|---|
| waiqi 外戚 | kinsmen of empresses and consorts |
| wanli changcheng 萬里長城 | see Great Wall |
| weights and measures | |
| well-field system | see jingtian zhi 井田制 |
| wenyin 紋銀 | see monetary silver ingots |
| wu ba 五霸 | the five hegemonial lords |
| wubao 塢堡 | fortified manors (Jin) |
| wubi 塢壁 | see wubao 塢堡 |
| wujian 五監 | see jiusi wujian 九寺五監 |
| wujue 五爵 | the five titles of nobility |
| wujun liuguan 五均六筦 | see pingzhunfa 平準法 |
| wuli 五禮 | the five types of rites |
| wusi 五祀 | the five sacrifices |
| wuxing 五刑 | the five capital punishments |
| X [top] | |
|---|---|
| xia 祫 sacrifices | see jiaosi 郊祀 |
| xiangbing 廂兵, xiangjun 廂軍 | prefectural armies (Song) |
| xiangshe 鄉射 | village or district archery contest |
| xiangbing 鄉兵, xiangyong 鄉勇 | village militia |
| xiangyue 鄉約 | community compact |
| xiaoshou 梟首 | public presentation of an executed criminal's head |
| xingju 刑具 | penal and torture instruments |
| xingshi 姓氏 | family name, see names of persons |
| xiucai 秀才 | "cultivated talent", title awarded to graduates of a type of state examination |
| xuanfushi 宣撫使 | pacification commissioner |
| xuanweishi 宣慰使 | pacification commissioner |
| xueji 血祭 | blood offerings |
| xuetian 學田 | school fields |
| xunfu 巡撫 | provincial governor |
| xunshou 巡狩, xunxing 巡幸 | inspection tours |
| Y [top] | |
|---|---|
| yahang 牙行 | broker guilds |
| yamen 衙門 | district administration |
| yandang 閹黨 | eunuch faction (ministers siding with the eunuchs) |
| yanglian yin 養廉銀 | anti-corruption allowance |
| yanfa 鹽法 | salt administration |
| yanglao 養老 | ancient ceremony of "nourishing the aged" |
| yanke 鹽課 | salt tax |
| yantieshi 鹽鐵使 | salt-and-iron commissioner |
| yaoyi 徭役 | corvée labour |
| yaozhan 腰斬 (要斬) | cutting in two at the waist as a capital punishment |
| yazuzhi 押租制 | tenancy security system |
| yi 劓 | cutting off the nose as punishment |
| yicang 義倉 | charity granaries |
| yin 尹 | metropolitan magistrate |
| yinding 銀錠 | see silver ingots |
| yinhu 蔭戶 | client households, see yinke 蔭客 |
| yinke 蔭客 | clients, dependents of eminent families (Jin, Nanbeichao) |
| yinliang 銀兩 | see silver ingots |
| yitiaobian fa 一條鞭法 | single-whip method of taxation |
| yongdianzhi 永佃制 | long-term tenancy system |
| yulin tuce 魚鱗圖冊 | "fish scale registers" for land registration for land allotment (Ming) |
| yunhe 運河 | see Grand Canal |
| yuping 餘平 | surcharge |
| yushi dafu 御史大夫 | Censor-in-chief |
| Yushitai 衘史臺 | Censorate |
| Z [top] | |
|---|---|
| zaixiang 宰相 | Councellor-in-chief, see chengxiang |
| zhang 杖 | beating with the heavy stick |
| zhantian ketian zhi 占田課田制 | land quota and tax quota system (Jin) |
| zhao-mu 昭穆 | intra-lineage rank system |
| zheng-bi zhi 征辟制 | internal recommendation system of official recruitment (Han period) |
| zhengshang 征商 | commercial taxes |
| zhengyifa 征一法 | unified taxation method |
| zhezhongfa 折中法 | equitable exchange method (salt administration) |
| zhifentian 職分田 | see zhitian 職田 |
| zhifu 知府 | prefect |
| zhijiangfa 置將法 | law on military commands (Wang Anshi reforms) |
| zhiqian 制錢 | standard cash |
| zhitian 職田 | "office fields" to provide salaries in grain (Jin to Yuan) |
| zhixian 知縣 | district magistrate |
| zhizheng 執政 | regency |
| zhizhou 知州 | prefect, see zhifu 知府 |
| zhongshusheng 中書省 | Palace Secretariat |
| zhuanzheng 專政 | regency or (illegal) dominance of the government |
| zhuangtian 莊田 | manors, large estates, latifundia |
| zhuangyuan 莊園 | see zhuangtian 莊田 |
| zhuanyunshi 轉運使 | transport commissioner |
| zhuhou 諸侯 | regional rulers, "feudal lords" (Zhou) |
| zi 子 | viscount, see wujue 五爵 |
| zi 字 | courtesy name, see names of persons |
| zongdu 總督 | governor-general |
| zongfa 宗法 | ancestral lineage system |
| zongli yamen 總理衙門 | Foreign Office |
| zongzhu duhu 宗主督護 | local administration and defence by clan heads (Jin) |
| zouzhe 奏摺 | palace memorial |
| zuo-za 佐雜 | subofficial functionary |
| zutian 族田 | clan or family land |
| zuyongdiao zhi 租庸調制 | tripartite tax system |
| zuyin 足銀 | see silver ingots |