ChinaKnowledge.de -
An Encyclopaedia on Chinese History and Literature

Chen Fu nongshu 陳旉農書

Jun 12, 2013 © Ulrich Theobald

There are three agricultural treatises with the title Nongshu "Book on agriculture", one written during the Northern Song period 北宋 (960-1126) by Chen Fu 陳旉 (therefore called Chen Fu Nongshu 陳旉農書), one by Wang Zhen 王禎 (1271-1333, see Nongshu 農書), and one by a certain Master Shen from the late Ming period 明 (1368-1644, see Shenshi nongshu 沈氏農書).

Chen Fu 陳旉 (1075-?) hailed from Jiangsu and was a highly educated person but refused to enter official career. In his preface to the 3-juan-long Nongshu, Hong Xingzu 洪興祖 (1090-1155) says that Chen Fu was a real expert in Buddhist and Daoist writings, but also in books attributed to Shen Nong 神農, the mythological "Divine Husbandman". Chen made his life as a farmer and cultivator of medical drugs. The book Nongshu was finished in 1149 when Chen Fu was already an old man. His own experience in working the fields contributed to the high reliability of the text that differs from conventional books on agriculture like Qimin yaoshu 齊民要術 and Sishi zuanyao 四時纂要 that were compiled by scholars that contented themselves by quoting from ancient texts. Yet contrary to his own ascertainment, Chen Fu himself also quotes from the Confucian Classics and ancient texts. In some statements, his book is even inferior to the famous Qimin yaoshu from the Northern Wei period 北魏 (386-534).

The first part of Chen Fu's Nongshu includes 14 chapters dealing with the general management of a farmer's household and methods of cultivation, from ploughing, the observation of the weather and the seasons, cultivation of various crops, to the use of manure, agricultural tools, and sacrifices after the harvest. The three chapters of the second part are dedicated to the water buffalo, its use and medical care. The third part, with 6 chapters, specialises in sericulture, from the cultivation of mulberry trees and silkworm breeding to the treatment of cocoons to obtain silk yarn.

The book was written as a result of Chen Fu's own experience as a farmer and is therefore enriched with a lot of practical and reliable information. His statements about the amelioration of the soil, the use of manure, and the raising of wet rice shoots are very detailed. The observation of the weather and the seasons was, according to Chen Fu, the primary duty of all farmers. A farmer had to make effective use of the natural laws instead of relying on pure chance. With the help of fertilisers, even unfavourable soil could be made applicable, and exhausted fields could be made again productive. This statement contradicts the old proverb that after three or five years each soil was exhausted.

Chen Fu divides wet rice cultivation into four classes, namely early-cropping rice, late-cropping rice, cold-water mountain rice, and lowland wet rice. All of these field crops had to be treated differently. In usingmaterial and labour, it was essential to consider the relation between input and output, and investment had to be made only in fields where the harvest would be accordingly rich. The use of advanced tools was to be combined with hard physical labour. A farmer had to plan to obtain the highest yields, and to include a lot of different aspects in his planning. This also included consideration of bad harvest and the preparation of private stocks. Wastage was not the proper conduct of a farmer, as Chen Fu says.

The Nongshu covers all aspects of husbandry, from farming to cattle breeding and silkworm raising. The latter theme is to be found in a separate text, the Canshu 蠶書, in all editions attached to the Nongshu. The Canshu was written by Qin Guan 秦觀 (1049-1100) or his son Qin Zhen 秦湛 (fl. 1116). The Nongshu is also the earliest Chinese book in which the particularities of southern Chinese agriculture are touched upon.

It was printed during the Southern Song period 南宋 (1127-1279) by Hong Xingzu, who also wrote the preface, but only in a preliminary shape that has been preserved in the Ming-period encyclopeadia Yongle dadian 永樂大典. The text is included in the series Siku quanshu 四庫全書, Zhibuzuzhai congshu 知不足齋叢書, Longwei mishu 龍威秘書, Hanhai 函海, Yiyuan junhua 藝苑捃華, Jinhe Guangrentang suoke shu 津河廣仁堂所刻書, Nongxue congshu 農學叢書 and Congshu jicheng chubian 叢書集成初編.

It was published separately in 1956 by the Zhonghua Press with the title Chen Fu Nongshu. In 1965, the Nongye Press 農業出版社出 published it together with Wan Guoding's 萬國鼎 (1897-1963) commentary under the title Chen Fu Nongshu jiaozhu 陳旉農書校注.

Table 1. Contents of the Chen Fu Nongshu 陳旉農書
1. 財力之宜 Caili The application of force
2. 地勢之宜 Dishi The strength of the soil
3. 耕耨之宜 Gengnou Ploughing and harking
4. 天時之宜 Tianshi The seasons of Heaven
5. 六種之宜 Liuzhong The six seeds
6. 居處之宜 Juchu Living places
7. 糞田之宜 Fentian Fertilization
8. 薅耘之宜 Haoyun Weeding
9. 解用之宜 Jieyong Sparing use of resources
10. 稽功之宜 Jigong Scrutinizing efforts
11. 器用之宜 Qiyong Tools and utensils
12. 念慮之宜 Nianlü Long-term planning
13. 祈報之宜 Qibao Offerings and reports to the spirits
14. 善其根苗之 Shan qi genmiao Ameliorating roots and shoots
15. 牛說之宜 Niushuo A treatise on the water buffalo
16. 牧養役用之宜 Muyang yiyong Raising and utilizing buffaloes
17. 醫治之宜 Yizhi Medical care (of buffaloes)
18. 種桑之法 Zhongsang Raising mulberry trees
19. 收蠶種之法 Shou canzhong Collecting eggs of the silk moth
20. 育蠶之法 Yucan Breeding silkworms
21. 用火採桑之法 Yong huo cai sang Heating the room while gathering mulberry leaves
22. 簇箔藏繭之法 Cubo cang jian Storage of cocoons in various boxes
Sources:
Fan Chuyu 范楚玉. 1991. "Chen Fu de nongxue sixiang 陳旉的農學思想." Kexue shi jikan 科學史集刊 1991 (2): 169-176.
Fan Chuyu 范楚玉. 1994. "Chen Fu Nongshu tiyao 《陳旉農書》提要." In Zhongguo kexue jishu dianji tonghui 中國科學技術典籍通彙, part Nongxue 農學, edited by Ren Jiyu 任繼愈, vol. 1, 333-336. Zhengzhou: Henan jiaoyu chubanshe.
Li Hui 李輝, and Pan Guanghua 彭光華. 2013. "Daoxue sixiang dui Chen Fu fenyao shuo de yingxiang 道學思想對陳旉“糞藥”說的影響." Nongye kaogu 農業考古 2013 (3): 309-312.
Li Hui 李輝, and Pan Guanghua 彭光華. 2012. "Chen Fu nongshu zhong de liang-Song nanfang zhongssang shifei jishu 陳旉農書中的兩宋南方種桑施肥技術." Nongye yu jishu 農業與技術 2012 (12): 91-92.
Li Jun 李軍. 2011. "Cong Nongshu tan shuyu turang feili de youlai 從《農書》談術語“土壤肥力”的由來." Xuexi yuekan 學習月刊 2011 (2): 49-50.
Li Xueqin 李學勤, and Lü Wenyu 呂文郁, ed. 1996. Siku da cidian 四庫大辭典, vol. 2, 1646. Changchun: Jilin daxue chubanshe.
Lin Qitan 林其錟. 1994. "Chen Fu Nongshu 陳旉農書." In Zhongguo xueshu mingzhu tiyao 中國學術名著提要, vol. Jingji 經濟卷, edited by Zhou Gucheng 周谷城, 182. Shanghai: Fudan daxue chubanshe.
Liu Ming 劉銘. 2013. "Lun Chen Fu nongshu dui Qimin yaoshu de jicheng he fazhan 論陳旉《農書》對《齊民要術》的繼承和發展." Nongye kaogu 農業考古 2013 (4): 291-297.
Miao Qiyu 繆啟愉. 1990. "Chen Fu Nongshu 陳旉農書." In Zhongguo da baike quanshu 中國大百科全書, vol. Nongye 農業, vol. 1, 109. Beijing: Zhongguo da baike quanshu chubanshe.
Min Zongdian 閔宗殿. 1997. "Chen Fu Nongshu 陳旉《農書》." In Zhonghua guocui da cidian 中華國粹大辭典, edited by Men Kui 門巋, and Zhang Yanjin 張燕瑾, 339. Xianggang: Guoji wenhua chuban gongsi.
Mo Ming 莫銘. 1994. "Chen Fu he nongxue lilun he yingnong sixiang 陳旉的農學理論和營農思想." Gujin nongye 古今農業 1994 (3): 11-14.
Mu Yaxin 慕亞芹, Cui Jianghao 崔江浩, and Li Qun 李群. 2015. "Chen Fu nongshu de yi he fa dui xiandai nongye de jiejian yiyi 《陳旉農書》的“宜”和“法”對現代農業的借鑑意義." Nongye kaogu 農業考古 2015 (4): 11-14.
Nongye da cidian bianji weiyuanhui 《農業大詞典》編輯委員會, ed. 1998. Nongye da cidian 農業大詞典, 191. Beijing: Zhongguo nongye chubanshe.
Peng Shijiang 彭世獎. 1995. "Chen Fu Nongshu 陳旉《農書》." In Zhongguo nongye baike quanshu 中國農業百科全書, vol. Nongye lishi 農業歷史卷, 20. Beijing: Nongye chubanshe.
Shi Dizun 寺地遵, and Jiang Lirong 姜麗蓉. 1984. "Chen Fu nongshu yu Nansong chuqi de zhu zhuangkuang 陳旉《農書》與南宋初期的諸狀況." Nongye kaogu 農業考古 1984 (1): 285-291.
Shi Dizun 寺地遵, and Cao Longgong 曹隆恭. 1982. "Chen Fu nongshu banben kao 陳旉《農書》版本考." Zhongguo nongshi 中國農史 1982 (1): 91-101.
Wang Yonghou 王永厚. 1982. "Chen Fu ji qi nongshu 陳旉及其《農書》." Tushuguanxue yanjiu 圖書館學研究 1982 (3): 121-125+128.
Wang Yuhu 王毓瑚, ed. 1964. Zhongguo nongxue shulu 中國農學書錄, 85. Beijing: Nongye chubanshe.
Wu Feng 吳楓, ed. 1987. Jianming Zhongguo guji cidian 簡明中國古籍辭典, 459. Changchun: Jilin wenshi chubanshe.
Xiong Dibing 熊帝兵. 2010. "Shixi Chen Fu de fangzai, beihuang cuoshi ji sixiang 試析陳旉的防災、備荒措施及思想." Nongye kaogu 農業考古 2010 (1): 337-341+360.
Xiong Dibing 熊帝兵. 2009. "Chen Fu nongshu qibao pian chutan 陳旉《農書·祈报篇》初探." Nongye kaogu 農業考古 2009 (1): 270-274.
Yan Yuhuai 顏玉懷, and Zou Dexiu 鄒德秀. 2001. "Chen Fu nongshu jingying guanli sixiang yanjiu 陳旉《農書》經營管理思想研究." Xibei daxue xuebao (Zhexue shehui kexue ban) 西北大學學報(哲學社會科學版) 2001 (4): 38-42.
Yang Fan 楊凡. 2021. "Chen Fu nongshu ji qi jiazhi shulüe 《陳旉農書》及其價值述略." Hebei Guangbo Dianshi Daxue xuebao 河北廣播電視大學學報 2021 (4): 52-56.
Yang Cheng 楊成. 2016. "Chen Fu nongshu zhong de tudi liyong zhihui: Yi Dishi zhi yi pian wei li 《陳旉農書》中的土地利用智慧——以《地勢之宜篇》為例." Guotu ziyuan kepu yu wenhua 國土資源科普與文化 2016 (3): 43-44.
Yuan Mingze 袁名澤. 2013. "Chen Fu nongshu zhi nongshi diwei kao 《陳旉農書》之農史地位考." Nongye kaogu 農業考古 2013 (3): 316-320.
Zhang Jingshu 張景書. 2004. "Chen Fu nongshu de nongye jiaoyu sixiang 陳旉《農書》的農業教育思想." Xibei Nonglin Keji Daxue xuebao 西北農林科技大學學報 2004 (6): 107-110.
Zhao Xinggen 趙杏根. 2013. "Chen Fu nongshu zhong de shengtai sixiang 陳旉《農書》中的生態思想." Wenshi zazhi 文史雜誌 2013 (2): 78-80.